Answer: Lithium iron batteries and lead-acid batteries differ in their chemical properties and working principles, which result in different requirements for series and parallel connections.
Firstly, lithium iron batteries use lithium ions as the charge transfer medium, while lead-acid batteries use the chemical reaction of lead and sulfuric acid for charge transfer. Lithium-ion batteries are known for their high voltage stability, fast charge transfer rate, and high energy density, but they also have higher safety requirements.
When connecting and combining lithium iron batteries, it is crucial to maintain voltage and capacity matching between the batteries. If there are differences between the batteries, it can lead to imbalanced currents between them, which can cause safety issues such as overcharging, over-discharging, and thermal runaway. This is because in series connection, batteries with voltage mismatch may be driven by the voltage of other batteries, leading to overcharging and risking battery damage or even explosion. In a parallel connection, batteries with capacity mismatch can result in uneven current distribution, with some batteries bearing excessive load, causing over-discharging and damage.
In comparison, lead-acid batteries have smaller voltage and capacity fluctuations, and they have relatively higher internal resistance, which allows them to tolerate some differences during series and parallel connections. However, lithium batteries exhibit larger voltage and capacity fluctuations and lower internal resistance, requiring stricter guidelines for series and parallel connections.
Therefore, to ensure the safety and stable performance of lithium iron batteries, series, and parallel connections must be carried out according to strict regulations to ensure voltage and capacity matching between the batteries, and to avoid imbalanced current distribution, thereby minimizing safety risks.
Any more questions please feel free to contact: info@szmaxpower.com
Answer：No, because any charger corresponds only to a specific charging process and only to a specific electrochemical process, such as lithium-ion, lead-acid or nickel-metal hydride batteries, which not only have different voltage characteristics, but also different charging modes. They must not be mixed.
Answer：External short circuits can be caused by connecting the outer ends of the battery to any conductor. Depending on the type of battery, short circuits can have consequences ofvarying severity. For example, the temperature of the electrolyte will rise and the internal air 
pressure will increase. If the air pressure value exceeds the pressure resistance value of the battery cap, the battery will leak. This situation can seriously damage the battery. If the safety valve fails, it may even cause an explosion. Therefore do not short-circuit the outside of the 
battery.
Answer：After the battery has discharged the internal stored power and the voltage has reached a certain value, continued discharge will result in over-discharge; battery over-discharge may bring disastrous consequences to the battery, especially high current over-discharge or repeated over-discharge, which will have a greater impact on the battery. Generally speaking, over-discharge will cause the internal pressure of the battery to rise, the reversibility of the positive and negative active substances will be damaged, and even if recharged, it will only partially recover, and the capacity will be significantly decayed.
Answer：Overcharging is the act of continuing to charge a battery after it has been fully charged by a certain charging process; overcharging may cause an increase in internal pressure, undesirable phenomena such as battery bulging and leakage. At the same time, its electrical performance will be significantly reduced.。
Answer：
1.The battery is not fully charged, e.g. insufficient charging time, low charging efficiency, etc.；
2.Excessive discharge current, resulting in lower discharge efficiency and thus shorter discharge times；
3.Low ambient temperature when discharging batteries, reduced discharge efficiency。
Answer：
1.Battery pack not charged；
2.Battery packs cannot be discharged due to the temperature of the environment in which they are used；
Answer：
1.Zero voltage cells in the battery pack；
2.Battery pack internal electronic components, abnormalities in protection circuits；
3.Poor voltage collection, not all single section voltages are detected；
4.Charging device failure, no output current。
Answer：
1. Zero voltage on a single battery；
2. Faulty internal connection of the battery, poor contact between the connection piece and the battery, etc.；
3. Damage to the internal electronic components of the battery。
Answer：The heat generated by the reaction is so great that the temperature of the entire battery system rises. Therefore, there is a sharp rise in temperature at this time. The higher the temperature, the lower the equilibrium potential of the battery, so the temperature rise must lead to a drop in the equilibrium potential of the battery, so there is a sudden drop in the battery voltage at this time.
Answer：According to IEC standards, batteries should be stored at a temperature of 20°C ± 5°C and a humidity of (65±20)%. For long-term storage, it is ideal to keep the battery in a dry and cool environment and to keep the remaining charge at around 50%. Of course, it is best to take the battery out once a month to ensure that it is in good condition and not to lose all the power and damage it.
Answer：The inherent electrochemical structure of the battery itself dictates that there is an inevitable loss of capacity, mainly due to self-discharge. The size of the self-discharge is usually related to the solubility of the cathode material in the electrolyte and its instability (susceptibility to self-decomposition) when subjected to heat. The self-discharge of LiFePO4 battery packs is 3%/month.
Answer：If different capacities or old and new batteries are mixed together, the difference in capacity during charging leads to some batteries being overcharged and some not fully charged when charging, and high capacity batteries not being discharged when discharging, while low capacity ones are overcharged. In this vicious cycle, the batteries are damaged and leak or have low (zero) voltage.
Answer：The BMS has a fault warning function, which can be viewed via the host software. Faults include the following：
1)Sampling fault: a fault in the communication between the analogue front end and the master chip. When this fault occurs, the charging and discharging MOS is switched off and the fault alarm can be cleared automatically when the fault is cleared;
2)Temperature NTC failure: mainly detects if the temperature NTC is short-circuited or disconnected. When this fault occurs, the charging and discharging MOS is switched off and the fault alarm is automatically cleared when the fault is cleared;
3)The fault is also reported when the voltage sampling line is disconnected. The fault alarm is cleared automatically when the fault is cleared.
Answer：
1)Charging high temperature protection and recovery When the battery temperature is higher than the charging high temperature protection value and the duration reaches the charging high temperature protection delay, the system enters the charging high temperature protection state and turns off the charging MOS When the battery temperature drops below the charging high temperature recovery value, the charging high temperature protection state is lifted.
2)Discharge high temperature protection and recovery When the battery temperature is higher than the discharge high temperature protection value and the duration reaches the discharge high temperature protection delay, the system enters the discharge high temperature protection state and shuts down the discharge MOS When the battery temperature drops below the discharge high temperature recovery value, the discharge high temperature protection state is lifted.
3)Charging low temperature protection and recovery During charging, when the battery temperature is below the charging low temperature protection value and the duration reaches the charging low temperature protection delay, the system enters the charging low temperature protection state and turns off the charging MOS. when the battery temperature rises above the charging low temperature recovery value, the charging low temperature protection state is lifted.
4)Discharge low temperature protection and recovery During discharge, when the battery temperature is below the discharge low temperature protection value and the duration reaches the discharge low temperature protection delay, the system enters the discharge low temperature protection state and shuts down the discharge MOS. when the battery temperature rises above the charge low temperature recovery value, the discharge low temperature protection state is lifted.
5)MOS high temperature protection and recovery The system has a MOS temperature detection port, when the MOS temperature is higher than the MOS temperature protection value, and the duration reaches the MOS temperature protection delay, the system enters the MOS high temperature protection state and shuts down the charging and discharging MOS When the MOS temperature drops below the MOS temperature recovery value, the system releases the MOS high temperature protection state.
Answer： When the discharge current is higher than the short-circuit protection current value and the duration reaches the short-circuit protection delay, the system enters the short-circuit protection state and turns off the discharge MOS. short-circuit protection occurs, the system automatically locks the state, and the short-circuit protection state can be automatically released after removing the load. Charging can also be released.
Answer：When the discharge current is higher than the discharge overcurrent protection current and the duration reaches the discharge overcurrent protection delay, the system enters the discharge overcurrent protection state and turns off the discharge MOS. When the discharge 
overcurrent protection occurs, the system will automatically release the discharge overcurrent protection state after 1min. If the overcurrent protection occurs 10 times in a row, the system will automatically lock the state and will not be released automatically. It can also be deactivated by charging. The discharge overcurrent protection is divided into 2 levels, with different response speeds for different discharge currents to better protect the battery.
Answer: When the charging current is higher than the charging overcurrent protection current and the duration reaches the charging overcurrent protection delay, the system enters the charging overcurrent protection state and turns off the charging MOS. When the charging  overcurrent protection occurs, the system will automatically release the charging overcurrent protection state after 1min. If the overcurrent protection occurs 10 times in a row, the system will automatically lock the state and will not automatically release it. Discharge is also possible.
Answer: When the overall voltage of the battery pack is lower than the overall over-discharge protection voltage and the duration reaches the overall over-discharge protection delay, the system enters the over-discharge protection state and switches off the discharge MOS. after the over-discharge protection occurs, charging the battery pack can release the over-discharge protection state.
Answer： When the minimum cell voltage of the battery pack is lower than the single cell over-discharge protection voltage and the duration reaches the single cell over-discharge protection delay, the system enters the over-discharge protection state and turns off the discharge MOS. after the over-discharge protection occurs, charging the battery pack can release the over-discharge protection state.
Answer：When the overall voltage of the battery pack is above the overall overcharge protection voltage and the duration reaches the overall overcharge protection delay, the system enters the overcharge protection state and switches off the charging MOS. when the overall voltage of the battery pack drops below the overall overcharge recovery voltage, the overcharge protection state is released. Discharge can also be released.
Answer：When the maximum cell voltage of the battery pack is higher than the cell overcharge protection voltage and the duration reaches the cell overcharge protection delay, the system enters the overcharge protection state and switches off the charging MOS. when the voltage of all cells in the battery pack drops below the cell overcharge recovery voltage, the overcharge protection state is lifted. Discharge can also be lifted.
Answer: The design capacity is the rated residual capacity of the battery pack when it leaves the factory and is the remaining capacity of the battery pack during the charging and discharging process. The design capacity, the remaining capacity and the total capacity can all be initially set via the host computer.
Answer: It is recommended that the driver software for the USB to serial debugging tool is correctly installed under the operating systems XP and WIN7. If the host computer prompts that there is no available serial port, you need to check whether the USB debugging tool has installed the matching driver software and whether the communication cable is well connected. You can also plug and unplug the USB port again and open the serial port manually to test, if the scroll bar below the upper computer scrolls normally, it means the communication is good.
Answer：The most straightforward way is to connect to the PC or Bluetooth and check the fault phenomena via the PC or Bluetooth. The alarm, protection, fault and other information indicated on the PC or Bluetooth interface can be used to roughly analyse the cause and provide the necessary reference for further testing.
Anwser:If it is very difficult or even impossible to insert, you need to observe whether the metal terminals of the cable interface are abnormal, such as the pin is out of position or the spring is open and other abnormalities, please use tweezers and other tools to repair
Anwser:Always follow a strict sequence when wiring up the BMS. Install or solder B- and P- first, then B+ and P+, when the BMS system is powered up. Then simply plug in the battery sampling wires from B0 to B16 in descending order. Note that no load or charger can be added until all 
connections have been installed. The order of removal is reversed: unplug the charger or load first, then remove the battery sampling cable connectors from B16 to B0 in ascending order, then B+, P+ and finally B-, P-.
Anwser:Single cell overcharge protection, overall overcharge protection, Single cell overdischarge protection, overall overdischarge protection, charging overcurrent protection, discharging primary overcurrent protection, discharging secondary overcurrent protection, short circuit protection, charging high temperature protection, charging low temperature protection, discharging high temperature protection, discharging low temperature protection, MOS high temperature protection, reverse connection protection (to be customised)
Anwser:ordinary protection boards, it has complete protection functions (overcharge, overdischarge, overcurrent, overtemperature, low temperature, short circuit, etc.), as well as communication with the system host and the host computer to monitor and measure battery status and battery 
information and history data, as well as intelligent battery balancing functions, remaining capacity SOC estimation and SOH estimation, as well as LED status indication and LCD screen display, etc.
Answer: Although the lead-acid battery has been strictly selected when it leaves the factory, after a certain period of use, the non-uniformity will appear and gradually increase. The charger does not have option and recognition, and can not supplement the undercharge Restricting the amount of overcharge and how to balance the battery capacity must be performed by humans. The user measures the open circuit voltage of each battery periodically and irregularly during the middle and late periods of battery pack use. For lower voltages, recharge separately to make the voltage and capacity consistent with other batteries, and try to reduce their gap.
Answer: After the battery is charged, the phenomenon that the capacity decreases by itself during storage is called self-discharge, also known as the charge retention ability, which refers to the ability of the battery to maintain the amount of electricity stored under certain conditions when the battery is open. Measuring the percentage of battery self-discharge to the total capacity over a certain period of time is called "self-discharge rate".
Answer: The rated capacity of a battery refers to the requirements for designing or manufacturing a battery when it is specified or guaranteed that the battery should discharge a minimum amount of power under certain discharge conditions. The battery capacity indicated by the manufacturer refers to the amount of power that the battery should provide when the battery is discharged to the termination voltage at a rate of 10h at an ambient temperature of 25 C. The unit is Ah (ampere * hour).
Answer: The reasons for the battery charging heat are:During the charging process of the battery, part of the electrical energy is converted into chemical energy, and part of the electrical energy is also converted into thermal energy and other energy. It is normal for the rechargeable battery to heat up, but when the temperature is high, you should check whether the charging current is too large or a short circuit occurs inside the battery.The relationship between the amount of heat generated and the amount of electrolyte is small. If the sealed battery has a small amount of electrolyte, the internal resistance increases, which will also cause the battery to heat up and the terminal voltage to be high during charging. Battery aging, dry electrolyte, and internal short circuits can also cause heat. The charger can not be constant voltage in the late stage of charging, so that the battery voltage exceeds the allowable value, the temperature will rise, it will swell seriously, and the end of life.During use, try not to place it horizontally or upside down, to prevent a large amount of gas produced inside the battery from being discharged from the air release valve, especially when charging, otherwise it may cause the casing to burst.
Answer:The battery is allowed to have a small amount of heat, whether in use or during charging, but abnormal heat is not allowed. The abnormal fever is obvious, and you can feel it by touching the battery case with your hand. Heat is very harmful to the battery. The heat first causes the electrolyte water to evaporate and gradually dry up, and then decreases the charging efficiency, deformation of the plates, increased internal resistance, accelerated oxidation of mechanical parts, burned out plates or separators, and finally manifests in reduced battery capacity and shortened life.
Answer: It refers to the resistance to the current flowing through the battery when the battery is working. There are two parts: ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance. Large internal resistance of the battery will cause the battery's discharge working voltage to decrease and shorten the discharge time. The internal resistance is mainly affected by the battery material, manufacturing process, battery structure and other factors. Is an important parameter to measure battery performance.
Answer:According to the amount of active material contained in the battery, the capacity of the battery calculated from electrochemical theory is called the design capacity.
Answer:The capacity of the battery refers to the amount of electricity that the active material in the battery can participate in the electrochemical reaction is called the capacity of the battery, that is, the amount of charge that the battery can hold after charging. The unit is "Ah" (Ah) and 1 A (A). The current is discharged for 1 hour, and the capacity is 1 ampere hour (Ah). Assuming that the average current is 4A, the discharge time is 3 hours when the battery is discharged at the termination voltage of the battery, and the battery capacity is 12Ah (the discharge is not calculated here) effectiveness).
Answer: Each battery has the capability of electrochemical conversion, that is, the stored chemical energy is directly converted into electrical energy. As far as a secondary battery (also called a battery) (another term is also called a rechargeable portable battery), In the process, chemical energy is converted into electrical energy; in the charging process, electrical energy is converted into chemical energy again. This process can be charged and discharged more than 500 times, depending on the electrochemical system.
Anwser:
No you should never try to bend the terminals of any sealed lead acid battery. This is because the terminals are  bonded in place with epoxy. Bending the terminals could break the epoxy and cause the electrolyte to come out and be replaced by air. This will hinder the performance of the battery and shorten its life. Please note that bending the terminals will void the warranty on the battery.
Anwser: VRLA batteries must be charged and discharged in a ventilated environment. All sealed lead acid batteries generate gas that must not be stored in an enclosed environment, as it will create a risk of fire and explosion if a spark comes in contact.
Anwser: The batteries contain lead which is a very toxic, poisonous element. Old batteries must be recycled safely and properly. Again lead is very poisonous.
Anwser:Either SLA (gel cell, sealed lead acid) or AGM (absorbent glass mat) batteries can be used to power a POV. They differ in the way the electrolyte is immobilized. Gel cell batteries and AGM batteries don’t offer the same power capacity. For example, a 12 volt 36 amp hour AGM battery would be rated as 31.6 amp hours in the gel cell. Gel batteries exceed AGM in slow discharge rates and will operate in slightly higher temperature. For most intents and purposes, there is little difference between AGM and gel cell batteries. More people chose AGM because they are less expensive.
Anwser: It is best to use the charger that came with the POV. Do not use a charger made for cars or other devices. Be sure that the charger voltage is the same as the batteries. Most scooters and power wheelchairs use 12 volt batteries.
Anwser:No, that will shorten the life of the batteries.  
Anwser: It is best to keep your POV with your batteries attached in the same temperature range that is comfortable for you; which is, between 50 and 80 degrees F. Do not leave it in the trunk of your care where it can reach very hot or very cold temperatures. This will shorten the life of the batteries. Do not leave your POV in an unheated garage for long periods of time.
Anwser: If you use your POV, every day, you should charge it every night. (In this article, POV or power operated vehicle, refers to motorized scooters and power wheelchairs.) The next morning when you wake up, unplug it from the wall and unplug it from the vehicle and it will be ready for a full day of use. If you don’t use the POV much, charge it at least every other week.
Anwser: The GEL style battery is used in wide variety of deep-cycle applications due to their ability to recover from deep discharge cycles. Where the GEL battery will excel is in situations that require a slow and steady discharge. A prime example of a good application for a GEL battery would be an electric mobility chair.
Anwser:Yes, the GEL battery is also a maintenance free type. The term battery maintenance typically refers to the need to check on the electrolyte level of the battery about every thirty to sixty days depending upon usage. The valve system used in both AGM and GEL applications minimizes the amount of electrolyte released from the battery during the charging period.
Anwser:
Yes, the GEL battery is a sealed non-spillable type. If the casing of the battery were to develop cracks or otherwise be compromised, there will be no free flowing acid leaking out the of the battery. 
Anwser:Two of the most common terms that we hear from customers are AGM and GEL, which are often mistaken for the other more than half the time. We have already explained what exactly an AGM battery is, now we will be taking a look into what sets a true GEL battery apart from the rest of the sealed lead acid pack.
Okay, first and foremost, the term GEL is short for gelified electrolyte lead acid. In other words, a true GEL battery will actually contain a gelatin in place of the typical free flowing electrolyte (battery acid).  A special gelling agent is added to the electrolyte to reduce the movement of acid inside of the battery – the process literally turns the acid mixture into a gooey Jell-O like substance. Due to this mixture of Jell-O like acid, the GEL battery is designed with special one way safety valves in place of open vents typically found on wet-cell batteries (non-sealed), this method of venting allows the internal gasses to recombine back into water in the battery, greatly reducing gassing.
Anwser: The fact is, AGM batteries are better than flooded batteries - if you’re prepared for the extra cost.
A money bag balancing against an hourglass
Gel and AGM batteries perform better than flooded batteries. But it comes at a greater price
However, they are comparable with gel batteries.
Despite their different composition, both offer benefits like:
Better charge capacity
Prevention of spillage and leaks
Better electrolyte volume
Superior life expectancy
No maintenance requirements
Overall, the debate between AGM vs. gel batteries comes down to your budget, needs, and what serves you best.
Anwser: An AGM battery can generally last between 3 and 5 years and up to 8 years if the battery is used properly.
That’s about two to three times longer than a flooded battery.
But overall, their lifespan depends on several factors, including:
How it's charged
How it’s used
The working temperature
If these items are done improperly, that will shorten the battery’s useful life.
Anwser: No, not all AGM batteries are deep cycle.
But many are.
After all, they do have a greater ability to deep cycle discharge.
Four batteries at various states of charge
Not all AGM batteries are deep cycle. But those that are perform much better than flooded batteries
In fact, AGM batteries' specified depth of discharge (DoD) stands at 80% compared to the 50% DoD of flooded batteries.
Moreover, they can charge up to 5 times faster than flooded batteries.
Anwser:
First, the composition of AGM batteries looks likes this:
Fiberglass mats
Lead plates
Electrolyte
Pressure control valve
The microfibre fiberglass mats, placed between the lead plates, absorb and immobilize the electrolyte.
The glass mats also act as separators and insulators between the positive and negative plates.
This design is what makes AGM batteries spill-proof.
Water droplets with a crossed-out circle around them
AGM batteries - like gel batteries - are sealed and spill-proof
Like gel batteries, AGM batteries are recombinant.
What does this mean?
The safety pressure relief valve prevents the release of hydrogen and oxygen gases.
Instead, they’re able to recombine during charging.
And this helps prevent subsequent water evaporation from the cells.
Also, the glass mats wrapped around the battery's positive plate help prevent damage from vibration and impacts.
An illustration of a vibration
The glass mats in AGM batteries protect it from vibrations
They also help extend its cycling.
Plus, AGM batteries have a lower internal resistance.
This lower resistance reduces losses to heat as power flows through the system.
And that’s why AGM batteries have more output voltage and lower charging times.
Anwser:AGM (or absorbed glass mat) is a type of sealed lead-acid battery.
AGM batteries were invented in the late 1970s for use in military aircraft, traffic signals, telecommunications systems, and other devices.
But they were not used commercially until the mid-1980s.
Anwser:
Yes, you can.
But, charging gel batteries with a flooded lead-acid charger is risky.
Why?
Gel batteries like to be charged slow and low.
A battery with a battery charging sitting on top of it
You can use regular chargers with gel batteries, but it’s very risky
So, when charging a gel battery with a lead-acid charger, you must be extra cautious.
Ensure that the peak charging voltage does not exceed 14.7 volts.
Otherwise, you can end up with a dried-out, non-conductive gel.
Anwser:
Gel batteries are used in low power demanding equipment like:
Floor scrubbers and sweepers
Walkie pallet jacks
Wheelchairs
RVs
Cars
Boats
Cell phones
Anwser:A gel battery is a maintenance-free, valve-regulated, sealed lead-acid (SLA) battery.
First conceived in the 1930s, gel battery technology wasn't perfected and commercialized until the 1980s.
Anwser:The answer to both questions is yes.
To recap, AGM, gel, and flooded batteries are all types of lead-acid batteries.
A flowchart showing the relationship between the types of lead-acid batteries
For the most part, the contents and electrochemical workings of these lead-acid batteries are very similar.
But there are some important differences, which we’ll cover next.
Anwser:
Lead-acid batteries are the most common in the market.
But, there are several variations of lead-acid batteries, including:
Flooded
Sealed. These are also called valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) or sealed lead-acid (SLA) batteries
Usually, when talking about lead-acid batteries, people mean flooded lead-acid.
Whereas, gel and AGM batteries are types of sealed batteries.
Anwser: In most if not all cases, the battery pack of a portable power station will charge fastest off a standard AC outlet. Solar panels can be attached to many power stations, but generally they charge very slowly until you get to the higher-end power stations. In a pinch, some power stations have a connection allowing for charging from a 12-volt car outlet, though that will take quite a bit of time. 
Anwser: Some key safety tips for portable power stations include:
Use the correct cables and correct sockets.
Keep cables away from the ground to avoid trip hazards.
Do not use equipment that exceeds the operating power of the power station.
Avoid exposing the portable power station to water.
Take breaks when carrying heavy portable power stations to avoid muscle strain.
Anwser:Similar to a heater, whether a portable power station can run a refrigerator depends on the wattage of the specific power station and the wattage of the specific refrigerator. A portable power station can run a refrigerator as long as the wattage of the refrigerator does not exceed the operating wattage of the power station.
Anwser:
It depends on the specific heater and the specific portable power station. The power station can run the heater as long as the heater's wattage doesn't exceed the portable power station's operating wattage.
Anwser:
Generators use gasoline or other fuels to generate electricity rather than simply store it. Also, generators are larger tools designed to support a greater number of electronic devices. Many generators power an entire home, and lightweight portable power stations work best with small appliances and electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, camp coolers, or camp stoves.
Anwser:The number of devices you can charge at the same time depends on the type of device being charged, the power output of the battery, and the number of outlets available on the portable power station. A typical portable power station usually charges two to three devices at a time. However, if the plug-in device consumes more power than the portable power station outputs, the power station won't power all your devices at the same time.
Anwser: Everyone has a different purpose for a portable power system, which determines the best power output. However, for the average person, the optimum power output for a portable motor-generator should be around 40,000 milliamp-hours (mAh).
Anwser:
Temperature is an often overlooked aspect of battery performance. However, it should be a major consideration when selecting a battery. Batteries do not charge or discharge well at low temperatures, and high temperatures are detrimental to shelf life (self-discharge—see below).
Most batteries perform best in the 20° to 60°C (68° to 140°F) range.
Lithium primary cells do better than most chemistries at both temperature extremes
Some lead acid batteries, such as Enersys Cyclon, can perform relatively well at -20°C (-4°F) or below
Special “high temp” NiCd, NiMh, and lithium cells are available that are designed to perform at higher temperatures
Anwser:Because the self-discharge rate of all battery and battery cell types increases with ambient temperature, it is best to store batteries in a cool, dry environment where temperatures do not exceed 25°C (77°F).
For best possible cell life, a lithium battery pack should ideally be stored with a SOC of roughly 50%.
Anwser:Cylindrical secondary batteries are typically enclosed in a steel tube that is 18mm in diameter and 65mm long. These are commonly referred to as 18650 cells.
Flat secondary cells are generally made from plastic or polymer materials, and can be manufactured in many different sizes. The dimensions of a flat cell are limited only by the imagination of the manufacturer.
Anwser:This nomenclature is used to define a battery pack’s configuration.
For example, 2S4P means 2 cells in Series, and 4 cells in Parallel. This particularly configuration would yield a 7.4V output with four times the capacity of a single cell.
Anwser:Yes. For safety reasons, all rechargeable lithium cells must include a protection circuit that prevents over-charging, over-discharging, and over-current (short circuit).
Over temperature protection is also a common feature.
Anwser:Currently, the only two battery chemistries that must be recycled by law are lead acid and NiCd. These batteries must be clearly marked with the “chasing arrows” symbol and a national 1-800 phone number that end users can use to locate their local recycling center.
Answer: Primary batteries are ordinary dry batteries and can only be used once. Secondary batteries are also called rechargeable batteries. Power batteries (or traction batteries) in secondary batteries are currently the main power source for electric vehicles.

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